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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 12:05 am
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Results for crimes against the environment
12 results foundAuthor: Australian Customs and Border Protection Service Title: Illegal Foreign Fishing in Australia's Northern Waters Summary: This audit assesses the effectiveness of the Customs and Border Protection's performance in managing and coordinating enforcement operations against illegal foreign fishing in Australia's northern waters. Details: Canberra: Australian National Audit Office, 2010. 148p. Source: Internet Resource; ANOA Audit Report No. 23 2009-2010 Year: 2010 Country: Australia URL: Shelf Number: 119207 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentIllegal FishingWildlife Crime |
Author: NuStats Title: Texas Department of Transportation 2009 Visible Litter Study; Final Report Summary: NuStats, in cooperation with EnviroMedia Social Marketing and the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT), conducted a follow-up to the 2001 and 2005 Visible Litter Study (VLS) in 2009 to estimate the projected number of pieces and types of litter on Texas roadways. For this study, litter was collected from 163 research segments across Texas, each consisting of a 1,000-foot-long stretch of TxDOT-maintained roadway. In 2005, 129 sites consisting of a 750-foot-long stretch of roadway were sampled. Data from the current study were weighted for comparison with those from 2005. The increase in number and length of sites in 2009 was designed to improve the confidence interval for the findings. Although the changes narrowed the interval from +/- 249 million pieces of litter in 2005 to +/- 200 million pieces of litter in 2009, changes in litter counts year to year are not statistically significant. Details: Austin, TX: NuStats, 2010. 25p., app. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 0 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentLitter (Trash) |
Author: World Growth Title: A Poison, Not a Cure: The Campaign to Ban Trade in Illegally Logged Timber Summary: Environmental groups, such as WWF and Greenpeace, have a global goal of halting commercial forestry and forestry in native forests. One of their strategies to advance this campaign is to generate global concern that illegal logging is a major global problem. One presumption is that high volumes of illegally-sourced wood products are entering the global market. This presumption cannot be substantiated and is very likely to be untrue. The campaign urges trade bans on imports of illegal timber. It has also been driven by industrialized countries, in particular the UK. The campaign is also supported by protectionist interests in the timber and paper industry in the U.S., the EU and Australia, with the aim of limiting imports of more competitive products from developing countries. It is commonly alleged that commercial interests drive illegal logging and that this, in turn, causes severe deforestation. This contention is wrong. The causes of deforestation and illegal logging are complex: they include poverty, increased population growth, poor governance and weak property rights. In most cases, illegal logging represents a failure of developing economies to enforce the law. The Extent of Illegal Logging The extent of illegal logging is uncertain. Most studies and policies have been based on a 2004 study by Seneca Creek and Associates for the American Forest and Paper Association which finds between 8% and 10% of produced and traded timber may come from suspicious sources. Other research shows only 15% of globally produced timber is traded. Even if it were desirable to use trade controls to achieve non-trade purposes, the share traded is so small, that leveraging is negligible and prospects of success very small. Though the report is cited frequently in the literature, it suffers from significant flaws, including a lack of comprehensive and reliable data sources. These limitations are acknowledged by the study’s authors who state that there is limited information on illegal logging and that it is impossible to know the extent of illegal forest activity with any degree of certainty. The study is now outdated with the incidence of illegal logging decreasing in key countries in recent years. The 2004 global estimate is, for the most part, based on illegal logging in Indonesia, with global wood exports principally attributed to the country. Since the report, a briefing paper by Chatham House has demonstrated that incidence of illegal logging has decreased by between 50% to 75%, with estimates of illegal logging in Indonesia as low as 40% as compared with the 70% to 80% estimated by Seneca Creek. Details: Arlington, VA: World Growth, 2011. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2012 at: http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/files/WG_Illegal_Logging_Report_5_11.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/files/WG_Illegal_Logging_Report_5_11.pdf Shelf Number: 125254 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentIllegal LoggingIllegal TimberOffenses Against the Environment |
Author: World Wildlife Fund Forest Programme Title: The Russian-Chinese Timber Trade: Export, Supply Chains, Consumption, and Illegal Logging Summary: Using statistical data from Russian government agencies and academic institutions, and field data and research by a great number of organizations, this report provides a comprehensive overview of the Russian-Chinese timber trade and illegal logging in Siberia and the Russian Far East (RFE). The report is part of a series of analyses and case studies prepared by WWF-Russia devoted to these issues. The report is based on data collected from 2002 to 2004. The text was finalized at the end of 2006, before the new Forest Code was enacted. Details: Moscow: World Wildlife Fund, 2007. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 14, 2012 at: http://www.wwf.ru/resources/publ/book/eng/234 Year: 2007 Country: Romania URL: http://www.wwf.ru/resources/publ/book/eng/234 Shelf Number: 125255 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentForestsIllegal Logging (Russia)Offenses Against the EnvironmentSupply Chains |
Author: Elias, Patricia Title: Logging and the Law How the U.S. Lacey Act Helps Reduce Illegal Logging in the Tropics Summary: Illegal logging and the associated trade of illegal wood products is a clandestine industry that threatens forests and economies. It can degrade forest ecosystems and increase vulnerability to complete deforestation. Illegal logging generates trade distortions by depressing world timber prices and reducing the competitive advantage of legal loggers and producers. Furthermore, these practices threaten the reputations of legitimate forestry producers and discourage sustainable management practices. In 2008, Congress passed amendments to the Lacey Act to extend the law’s jurisdiction to illegal plants and plant products, including wood. By closing the U.S. market to illegal wood products, the Lacey Act plays an important role in strengthening economic opportunities for legal and legitimate wood producers—both in the United States and abroad. This law helps lay the groundwork for additional reforms that reduce illegal logging, promote sustainable forestry, improve forest management decisions in local communities, and create long-term development opportunities. The Lacey Act amendments marked the world’s first-ever law prohibiting trade of illegally logged wood products. Supporting the implementation and enforcement of the Lacey Act is critical to promoting an environment of forest conservation, legal logging, and sustainable management worldwide. Details: Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists, 2012. 28p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 15, 2012 at: http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/illegal-logging-and-lacey-act.pdf Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.ucsusa.org/assets/documents/global_warming/illegal-logging-and-lacey-act.pdf Shelf Number: 125267 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentIllegal LoggingIllegal Trade |
Author: Wainwright, Richard, ed. Title: Exporting Destruction. Export Credits, Illegal Logging and Deforestation Summary: Exporting Destruction is the conclusion of research that included fieldwork in China, desk studies, and a new financial review, all commissioned to shine a light on the role that export credit agencies (ECAs) play in financing global deforestation. Through detailed case studies and historical research, FERN has been able to produce a set of policy recommendations that would, if implemented effectively, bring export credits in line with other publicly-funded institutions and reduce their potential for negative social and environmental impacts. The paper suggests that while the primary, if not sole, remit of ECAs is to promote their country’s domestic industries in competitive and risky environments, particularly in poor emerging markets, the huge amounts of money involved mean that they also have an important effect on policies and actions in the countries in which they support projects. To put their size in context, ECAs underwrite around US$100 billion annually in medium and long-term credits and guarantees, compared with, for example, multilateral development banks, which have a combined total of US$60 billion in loans per year. ECA involvement in activities that have fuelled unsustainable, and often illegal, deforestation in a number of countries has been documented since the mid 1990s. Evidence in this paper, gathered from community groups around the world, suggests that a number continue to be centrally involved in the sector. Their significance is primarily the result of their 'door opening' public finance status, as well as their focus on countries that are a high-risk for commercial operators, usually those which also lack the institutional governance to regulate their industries effectively. Direct ECA support for logging or timber trading is minimal because they are not particularly capital-intensive sectors, but significant support from ECAs has been instrumental in aiding the infrastructure and pulp and paper sectors for the last fifteen years, particularly for controversial expansion projects in Indonesia. FERN’s report shows that this support was, and continues to be, ‘blind’, not taking environmental or social issues into account or investigating whether operators’ prospectus documents were based on realistic assessments of the nature or ownership of the forest resource. This lack of ‘ground-truth’ in assessing projects is shown to be one of the core problems of ECAs. Although taxpayers fund them, their remit is often limited to economic considerations, and they are not currently subject to the binding environmental, social, human rights or transparency standards by which other public sector agencies are governed. The case studies clearly show that this has led to increased illegal logging, corruption and the opening of previously isolated forests. Indeed, experience highlighted in the studies suggest that no ECAs have the relevant procedures in place to identify and address the flawed operating and expansion model that much of the pulp and paper sector has followed. What's more, by aiming for very low-transaction costs, most ECAs have little internal capacity for assessing the environmental or social impacts of the operations the help to finance. This report calls on Governments to urgently address the negative impact that ECA-supported operators have internationally, particularly in sensitive sectors such as forestry, and to develop safeguards that would ensure that the operations of export credit agencies do not serve to undermine international commitments to sustainable development and good governance in some of the poorest countries in the world. Such policies should draw on those already in place in most multilateral banks and some of the largest commercial ones, and be resourced and monitored to an extent which ensures diligent implementation. More specific details on what these policies should look like in the forest sector and how ECAs could be brought into line with two decades of their national governments commitments to tackle illegal logging and unsustainable deforestation can be found in Chapter 7. Details: Moreto, in Marsh, UK: FERN, 2008. 41p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 6, 2012 at: http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/media/documents/document_4155_4160.http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/media/documents/document_4155_4160.pdf Year: 2008 Country: Europe URL: http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/media/documents/document_4155_4160.http://www.fern.org/sites/fern.org/files/media/documents/document_4155_4160.pdf Shelf Number: 125484 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentDeforestationIllegal Logging |
Author: International Fund for Animal Welfare Title: Stopping Illegal Wildlife Trade Summary: Experts estimate that the demand for wildlife products such as tiger bone and elephant ivory is pushing some species to the brink of extinction. Elephants, tigers, and other animals with declining populations need legal protection from the trade in wildlife and wildlife products - with international collaboration in law enforcement. They need protection from poaching. They need consumers to reject wildlife products. Wild animals deserve a place in our future. IFAW believes that wild animals belong in the wild, not in commercial trade. This document offers statistics on such trade, and suggests countermeasures as well as other information about combating the illegal wildlife trade. Details: Yarmouth Port, MA: International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), 2011. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 22, 2012 at http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/wildlife_trade_us_0.pdf Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.ifaw.org/sites/default/files/wildlife_trade_us_0.pdf Shelf Number: 126099 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentIllegal TradeIvory TradeWildlife SmugglingWildlife Trade |
Author: Pink, Grant Title: Law Enforcement Responses to Transnational Environmental Crime: Choices, challenges, and culture Summary: This paper considers the issue of law enforcement responses to transnational environmental crime with a particular focus on the role of environmental regulatory agencies. More specifically, it identifies and analyses the various operational and policy factors which inform and shape responses to transnational environmental crime. The aim of this paper is to furnish environmental regulatory agencies with information, options, and strategies so they can more effectively detect, deter, and disrupt this form of transnational crime. The paper outlines the different roles and functions of police agencies, customs and port authorities, and environmental regulatory agencies in terms of their efforts in the fight against transnational environmental crime. It also compares the use of administrative, civil, and criminal law enforcement responses by these response agencies. Details: Canberra: Transnational Environmental Crime Project, Department of International Relations, School of International, Political & Strategic Studies, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific and Australian National University, 2013. 34p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 4/2013: Accessed July 23, 2013 at: http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/IPS/IR/TEC/TEC%20Working%20Paper%204_2013_1_Grant_Pink_Law_Enforcement_Responses.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/IPS/IR/TEC/TEC%20Working%20Paper%204_2013_1_Grant_Pink_Law_Enforcement_Responses.pdf Shelf Number: 129496 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentLaw EnforcementNatural ResourcesOffenses Against the EnvironmentWildlife ConservationWildlife Crimes |
Author: World Bank Title: Enforcing Environmental Laws for Strong Economies and Safe Communities Summary: This roadmap for environmental and natural resources law enforcement (ENRLE) sets forth a course of action for the World Bank's ENRLE Community of Practice for FY2013-15. It outlines for senior management a strategy to mobilize and strengthen the Bank's engagement in the fight against environmental and natural resource crime, an issue that has significant detrimental effects on the economic, social, political, and environmental stability of our client countries. The roadmap also serves as a mobilizing tool for staff and management in regional departments to demonstrate the importance of ENRLE and to outline the menu of solutions that the Community of Practice (COP) can offer to strengthen our clients' fight against environmental and natural resource crime. Recent spikes in poaching, in illegal logging, and in illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing have amplified the already urgent need for action. These crimes increase poverty, shrink prosperity, and magnify social and political tensions that undermine healthy communities and strong economies. Investment returns in wise environmental and natural resource law enforcement can be high. Criminal activities that affect the environment and natural resources are on the increase and pose an increasingly serious threat to development. Data and analyses reviewed by the World Bank's Community of Practice on ENRLE begin to show the magnitude of illegal logging, poaching of wildlife, trade in endangered species, wildland arson, criminal toxic releases, and other environment and natural resource-related crimes. They also show the diversity of the criminal threat, ranging from small-scale, artisanal crime that arises from poverty and inequities to growing problems of organized transnational criminal networks and enterprises using corruption, money laundering, technology, and other sophisticated methods to exploit persistent weaknesses in resource management and law enforcement. All World Bank client countries suffer from these crimes and are underserved by existing international law enforcement institutions and available mechanisms for support, capacity building, and operational cooperation. Vulnerability to environment crimes is often deepened by overarching problems of governance, corruption, and weaknesses in accountability at the national level. Environmental and natural resource crime is common, but in many countries it is rarely prosecuted. The very elements that make these crimes possible-that natural capital is undervalued, seldom properly guarded, and often has unclear or contested ownership-also compromise prosecution. This Roadmap FY2013-15 builds on recently scaled-up support for ENRLE that includes project commitments on the order of $50-60 million per year. Along with investments, the Bank supports advisory and analytic work and leadership in regional and international processes and dialogue. While the Bank is not a law enforcement agency, its established programs to support natural resource and environmental management and to safeguard global public goods, its commitment to strengthening good governance and to fighting corruption, and its partnerships with key law enforcement agencies such as Interpol and Europol give it an opportunity and responsibility to do more. This report discusses how the World Bank Group (WBG) will mobilize to work better on ENRLE. Recognizing the evolving global context, a new and fully mobilized Community of Practice will put more emphasis on building a constituency within the WBG to work on the range of ENRLE issues, on building the capacity of WBG staff to provide investment and technical assistance on ENRLE, on strengthening analytical work to develop a pipeline of ENRLE investments, and on fostering demand among clients for Bank investment in ENRLE. Details: Washington, DC: World Bank, 2014. 26p. Source: Internet Resource: Agriculture and environmental services discussion paper ; no. 5: Accessed July 25, 2014 at: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/02/20/000442464_20140220144545/Rendered/PDF/843960REVISED0000Enforcing0Env0Laws.pdf Year: 2014 Country: International URL: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2014/02/20/000442464_20140220144545/Rendered/PDF/843960REVISED0000Enforcing0Env0Laws.pdf Shelf Number: 132778 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentCriminal NetworksNatural ResourcesOrganized CrimeWildlife ConservationWildlife CrimesWildlife Management |
Author: Idriss, Manar Title: Understanding the damages of environmental crime. Review of the availability of data Summary: This deliverable is the conclusion of Task 1 of work package (WP3) of the FP7 research project "European Union Action to Fight Environmental Crime" EFFACE. The aim of WP3 is to understand the impacts (quantitative and monetary) of environmental crime. The purpose of the first task of WP3, Task 1, was to review and collect data on the extent and impact of different types of environmental crime. It was not at this stage to produce estimates of the impact of environmental crime or otherwise quantify that impact - this is the subject of the subsequent tasks of WP3. Rather, Task 1 was to summarise the data sources available for different types of environmental crime and to summarise the type and extent of the data these sources contain. This review would, therefore, form the basis for determining the appropriate next steps in the WP. A standard table was completed for each report, data source, etc. The table asked for clear information about the data source (including links), its location, geographic and temporal scope as well as methodology used for collection. It also asked for information on whether it provides data on the extent of criminal activity (extent, individuals involved, etc.) and whether the data provide information on qualitative, quantitative and monetary impacts on the environment, society and/or economic impacts. In each case, comments were asked on data quality, etc., where possible. The survey of data sources within Task 1 of WP3 of EFFACE showed that the data on environmental crime are usually highly dispersed with limited detailed data collations. The most likely sources of consolidated data are international institutions (such as Conventions and the EU). However, even here data are often limited. For many Conventions data collation is limited to those data reported by Parties and such data are often limited, of uncertain quality and with significant gaps. At EU level there has been limited data gathering on environmental crime (in contrast to other data sets on environmental quality and pressures). Perhaps the best data set at EU level identified concerned fires. While consolidated data sets are uncommon, there are many examples of data on impacts in specific cases, such as for individual countries, individual instances, sites, etc. As a result it is not possible to provide a robust estimate of the overall impacts of environmental crime. There are simply too many gaps for this to be done with any confidence. Even doing this for certain areas of environmental crime is problematic. Therefore, it is important to focus on quantifying the impacts of environmental crime in areas where there are sufficient data for this to be done robustly and with confidence. Following the examination of the data sets described in this deliverable, the following areas were identified as being most suitable for quantitative and economy analysis, given the availability of data: Waste shipment Fisheries Protected areas Fires Marine incidents This quantitative and economic analysis will form the next stages of work of WP3 and the results will be set out in the next WP3 deliverable in April 2015. Details: Berlin: Ecologic Institute, 2014. 44p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 14, 2016 at: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE_3.1%20Final%20Report_0.pdf Year: 2014 Country: Europe URL: http://efface.eu/sites/default/files/EFFACE_3.1%20Final%20Report_0.pdf Shelf Number: 144941 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentEnvironmental CrimeFisheriesIllegal WastePollution |
Author: Ratsimbazafy, Cynthia Title: Timber Island: The Rosewood and Ebony Trade of Madagascar Summary: Madagascar's precious timber, represented by the genera of Dalbergia (rosewood and palisander) and Diospyros (ebony), are species of hardwood that have become much sought after in the last few decades for the manufacture of musical instruments in Europe and the US and for the manufacture of furniture in Asia. Starting in late 2008 and early 2009, the moist forests, home to the greatest wealth in species of precious timber have been subject to unprecedented high levels of logging, with hundreds of thousands of trees cut down in protected areas despite their protected status. Data collected from documents, stakeholder consultations and field surveys has shown that between March 2010 and March 2015 at least 350 430 timber trees (mainly rosewood) have been cut down annually in protected areas, and at least 1 million logs (152 437 t) have been illegally exported from Madagascar. Various factors serve to explain the anarchy in the management of precious timber, namely: • Inconsistency between authorization and prohibition of regulations concerning logging of precious timber, • Alleged collusion of certain State authorities in the illegal trade, • A deficiency of legislative control of forest operations in general, and those related to precious timber in particular, • Failure to impose punitive penalties on well-‐known traffickers, and • The ineffective implementation of local development plans to manage activities of stakeholders living around the protected areas. In order to limit this unprecedented degradation, the government enacted Decree no. 2010-‐141 of 30 March 2010 prohibiting the cutting, transport and export of precious wood. To reinforce this measure and as a Party to CITES, Madagascar requested the listing of precious timber species in Appendix III in 2011 and then in Appendix II in March 2013. This inclusion specifically concerns round log, sawn timber and veneer sheets. The listing of Madagascar's indigenous precious timber in CITES Appendix II requires that controls be put in place to ensure that trade is not detrimental to the species concerned and that permits are issued for any authorized international trade (export). The application for an export permit must therefore be preceded by the issuing of a non-‐detriment finding (NDF); such a finding should not be issued without having appropriate and adequate information on the status of populations in the wild, quantitative logging data, trade history and associated management systems. Details: Cambridge, UK: TRAFFIC, 2016. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 22, 2017 at: http://www.traffic.org/home/2017/2/14/new-study-finds-timber-harvesting-in-madagascar-out-of-contr.html Year: 2016 Country: Madagascar URL: http://www.traffic.org/home/2017/2/14/new-study-finds-timber-harvesting-in-madagascar-out-of-contr.html Shelf Number: 141182 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentDeforestationEnvironmental CrimesForestsIllegal Logging |
Author: Macfadyen, Graeme Title: Abandoned, Lost or Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear Summary: Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is a problem that is increasingly of concern. Various United Nations General Assembly resolutions now provide a mandate for, and indeed require, action to reduce ALDFG and marine debris in general. Consequently, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) entered into an agreement to carry out a study in relation to ALDFG in order to raise awareness of the extent of the problem and to recommend action to mitigate the problem of ALDFG by flag states, regional fisheries management bodies and organizations, and international organizations, such as UNEP, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and FAO. This report reviews the magnitude and composition of ALDFG, and while noting that information is not comprehensive and does not allow for any global estimates, suggests that gillnets and fishing traps/pots may be the most common type of ALDFG, although netting fragments may also be common in some locations. The impacts of ALDFG are also considered and include: continued catching of target and non-target species (such as turtles, seabirds and marine mammals); alterations to the benthic environment; navigational hazards; beach debris/litter; introduction of synthetic material into the marine food web; introduction of alien species transported by ALDFG; and a variety of costs related to clean-up operations and impacts on business activities. In general, gillnets and pots/traps are most likely to "ghost fish" while other gear, such as trawls and longlines, are more likely to cause entanglement of marine organisms, including protected species, and habitat damage. The factors which cause fishing gear to be abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded are numerous and include: adverse weather; operational fishing factors including the cost of gear retrieval; gear conflicts; illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing; vandalism/theft; and access to and cost and availability of shoreside collection facilities. Weather, operational fishing factors and gear conflicts are probably the most significant factors, but the causes of ALDFG accumulation are poorly documented and not well understood. A detailed understanding of why gear is abandoned, lost or discarded is needed when designing and tailoring effective measures to reduce ALDFG in particular locations. A variety of measures are currently in place to reduce ALDFG, and these are profiled in this report. They include those which are preventative or ex-ante, and those which are curative or ex-post. Evidence suggests that while both are important, much of the emphasis to date has been placed on curative measures such as gear retrieval programmes and clean-up of beach litter, while preventative measures may generally be more cost-effective in reducing ALDFG debris and its impacts. This report concludes with a number of recommendations for future action to reduce ALDFG debris, be it on a mandatory or voluntary basis. It also considers at what scale and which stakeholders (e.g. international organizations, national government, the private sector, research institutions) might be best placed to address the wide range of possible measures to reduce the amount of ALDFG debris. Details: Rome, Italy: United Nations Environment Programme, 2009. 117p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 20, 2019 at: http://www.fao.org/3/i0620e/i0620e00.htm Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://www.fao.org/3/i0620e/i0620e00.htm#Contents Shelf Number: 155493 Keywords: Crimes Against the EnvironmentEnvironmental Crime Fishing NetsGreen CriminologyHazardous Waste Illegal Dumping Illegal Unregulated and Unreported FishingIUU FishingMarine PollutionOceans Pollution Offences Against the Environment Pollution |